(Women Development Processes)
डा. सिर्जना भण्डारी*
;f/fz+
ljZjsf] cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfx?nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg, ltgsf] JolQmTj ljsf;
ug{ tyf ltgLx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|afxdf Nofpg ;g\ !($% df bf];|f]
ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtsf] 3f]if0ff / ;+o'Qm /fi6\| ;+3sf] :yfkgf kl5 dlxnf ;DaGwL
ljleGg l;4fGt tyf sfo{qmdx? cjnDag ul/P . h; cGtu{t ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf
ljsf;df dlxnf (Women in Development), ;g\ !(&) s} bzssf] pQ/fw{df ljsf; /
dlxnf (Women and Development) / ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf n}lËs / ljsf; (Gender and Development) h:tf cjwf/0ffx? k|of]udf NofOP . oL
laleGg cjwf/0ffx?df n}lËs / ljsf; (GAD) ;do ;fk]If / a9L k|efasf/L b]lvof] / xfn;Dd klg dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?df
o; cjwf/0ffsf] pNn]Vo k|efa /xb} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf laleGg lj4jfgx?n] cf–cfkm\gf
n]v–/rgf, k':ts tyf cg';Gwfg kqx? k|sfzg u/L dlxnf ljsf;sf k|lqmofx?df pNn]Vo
of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
k[i7e"ld
;g !($%
cl3;Dd ;Dk"0f{ ljZj o'4sf] e"d/Ldf ?dNnL/x]sf] lyof] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf]
;dfKtL kl5 ljZje/L zflGt sfod ug]{ / dfgjsNof0f tyf ljsf; sfo{ cf/De ug]{
pb]Zon] ;g !($% cS6f]a/ @$ df ljZjs} 5ftf ;+u7gsf ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3 (United Nations) sf]
:yfkgf eof] . o'4 ;dfKtLsf] 3f]if0ff / ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3sf] :yfkgfn] ljZjsf]
jftfj/0fdf PsfPs kl/jt{g Nofof] . ljsf;sf gofF–gofF cfofd / km/s–km/s dfGotfx?
k|ltkfbg x'gyfn] . hg;+Vofsf] tLa| a[l4, ltgsf OR5f cfsf+Iff / cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{
tyf r'gf}ltx?sf] ;dgf ug{ ljsf;sf laleGg gd'gfx? k|of]udf NofOP . h:t} s[lifdf
cfw'lgsLs/0f, df}lb|s cy{Aoa:yf, oftfoft tyf ;jf/L ;fwg, lzIff tyf tflnd,
snsf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf cflb If]qx?sf] ljsf; . ljsf;sf oL laleGg gd'gfx?n] ;dfh b]z
/ ljZjd} yf]/ ax't kl/jt{g NofP . o;/L cfPsf kl/jt{gx?sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a}
kIfx? b]vf k/] . ljsf;sf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gn] ;dfhnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f tkm{ nUof]
eg] gsf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] df/df dlxnfx? g/d|f];+u k/] . h;sf] sf/0f dlxnfx? cem
;+s'lrt, clwsf/ lalxg, clzlIft / lk5l8b} uP . o;f] x'g'df cjnDag ul/Psf ljsf;sf
gd'gfx?df dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg' g} d'Vo sf/0f lyof] . kmn:j?k ;g\
!(%) sf] bzsdf canDag ul/Psf ljsf;sf gd'gfx?sf gsf/fTds k|efa x6fpg tyf sd ug{ ltgsf
lasNk ;f]Rg yflnof] / cfwfcfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfx?nfO{ klg k'?if ;/x ljsf;df ;xefuL
u/fpg ;Sg] vfnsf ljsf;sf gd'gfx? canDan ug]{ k|of;x? X'gyfn] . cfkm\gf] xs
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu dlxnfx? :jo+n] klg ljZjsf laleGg :yfgx?af6 cfjfh p7fpg
yfn] . o;/L ljZj e/Lg} n}lËs tyf dlxnf ljsf;sf] nx/ rNg yfNof] / qmdz o; d'4fdfly
ax;, cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf ;fy} gofF gofF gLlt–lgod tyf /0fgLlt, k|fawfg / ljsf;sf
gd'gfx? ;zSt ?kdf cufl8 cfpg yfn] .o;/L lautdf cjnDag ul/Psf ljsf;sf gd'gfx?n] n}lËs e"ldsfnfO{ ljsf;df :jLsf/ ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f ljZjsf] cfwfcfsf; 9fSg] dlxnf ju{x?n] jf:tljs ljsf;sf] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ kfPgg\ / ljsf; lglZrt AolQm tyf ;d'bfox?df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . ljsf;n] lbuf]kg lng ;s]g / dlxnf ;xeflutfdf c;dfgtf / c;dtf b]lvPsfn] ljsf;df dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;+u;+u} n}hfg' kg]{ dfGotf phfu/ x'Fb} uof] . ljsf;sf] o; lsl;dsf] gd'gfn] ljsf;sf] pknAwL tyf kmn ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ljt/0f x'g ;Sg] s'/fdf ;j}sf] dt}So xF'b} uof] . t/ o; s'/fnfO{ lgs} kl5 emG8} !(*) sf] bzslt/ p7fg ul/of] . x'g t ;dfgtfd"ns ljsf;nfO{ ;+o'tm /fi6|;+3n] ;g\ !(&% b]lv g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof] t/ ljleGg ljsf; of]hgfx?n] ljsf;df dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]gg\ . pgLx?nfO{ ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg u/fPgg\ / dflyjf6 tn hfg] (Trickle Down) ljsf;sf] gd'gf nfu" u/] h'g ;kmn x'g ;s]g .
;}4flGts ?kdf ;g\ !(%)–^) sf] bzs b]lv g} dlxnf ljsf;sf d'4fx? Dffgj clwsf/sf d'4fsf ?kdf cfP / To;} j]nf b]lv g} ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ljifon] Aofks ?kdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ kfPsf] lyof] . ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ cfjfhsf] p7fg x'g'sf b'O{ d'Vo sf/0f– dlxnfsf] >dsf] d"No u0fgf gul/g' / ljsf; k'?if klIfo x'g' lyP . o;sf] dtnj o; cl3 ;dfhdf dlxnf c;dfgtf lyPg eGg] xf]Og . k|frLg ;dfhdf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf eGbf cem a9L dlxnf / k'?if jLr c;dfgtf lyof] . t/ tTsfnLg ;dfhdf of]hgfa4 ;+/rgfut ljsf;x? ePsf lyPgg\ / k|frLg ;+:s[lt cg';f/ rn]sf ;dfhx?df u[x:yL cyf{t 3/Aojxf/df dlxnfx?sf] a9L e"ldsf x'g] ub{Yof] h;sf sf/0f dlxnfx? :jo+n] klg plt c;dfgtfsf] dx;'; u/]sf lyPgg\ t/ hj ljZj cfw'lgs o'udf k|j]z u¥of] / cfw'lgstfsf l;4fGt jdf]lhd ljsf;sf ljleGg gd'gfx? cjnDjg ul/P tt\kZrft ePsf cfw'lgs qmflGtx?n] ljsf;nfO{ t lgs} cufl8 NofOk'¥ofof] t/ ;dfhsf cfwf c+u dflgg] dlxnfx?nfO{ eg] lgs} k5fl8 ws]nLlbof] . cfw'lgsLs/0fn] ;fdflhs k|hftGq Nofpg ;s]g j? pN6} ;dfhdf :tl/s/0f, c;dfgtf h:tf gsf/fTds kIfx? Vf8f u/Llbof] . dlxnf / k'?if, wgL / ul/j, ;fgf] ju{ tyf 7"nf ju{ jLr Jofks c;dfgtfsf] vf8n b]vfk¥of] / o;n] ljleGg c;Gt'i6L / r'gf}ltx? hGdfof] . t'ngfTds ?kn] dlxnfx? k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts, zf/Ll/s, c;Ifdtf cflb sf/0fx?n] 3/jflx/ lg:sg / ljsf;sf sfo{ / cfo cfh{gsf sfdx?df j/fj/ ;xefuL x'g ;s]gg\ kmn:j?k pgLx?n] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, cfly{s, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ?kdf lgs} kl5 kb}{ uP . h;n] pgLx?nfO{ k'?ifx? eGbf clzlIft tyf c;Ifd jgfof] / k'?ifdf cfl>t x'g jfWo u/fof] . t/ of] dlxnfx?nfO{ :jLsfo{ lyPg . o:tf c;Gt'i6Ln] cfGbf]ngsf] ?k lnb} uP / laleGg cfGbf]ngx? ;+u;+u} dlxnf ljsf; tyf n}lËs cfGbf]ng klg Ps k|d'v ljifo aGb} uof] / xfn;Dd klg dlxnf cfGbf]ng tyf ljsf;sf ljleGg :j?kx? cfGbf]ng/t tyf ;+3if{/t 5g\, h:t} dlxnf ;zlQms/0f, dlxnf cf/If0f, dlxnfsf nflu k|fs[lts Gofo, ljleGg xs clwsf/sf ljifox? cflb .
dlxnf ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffx?
(Women
Development Approaches)
ljsf;sf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ nfdf] ;do b]lv ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf] of]ubfg / ;xeflutfnfO c:jLsf/ ul/+b} cfOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf cfP/ ljZjsf] cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ljgf ;dfg'kflts ljsf; xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] dfGotf :jLsf/ ul/of] . kmn:j?k ;g\ !(&) df jfl;ªu6g l8l; (Washington DC) df ‘;f];f]nf]hL km/ OG6/Gof;gn l8enkDd]G6’ (Sociology for International Development) gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 dlxnfx? ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf / cfjfh hf]8bf/ ?kdf ljZj e/Lg} p7\g yfn] . o;} s|ddf ;g\ !(&) sf] dWolt/ O:6/ jf];]?k (E. Boserup) sf] ‘Eco–contribution of Women Development’ gfdsf k':ts k|sfzg eof] h;nfO{ dlxnfjfbsf] If]qdf jfOjns} ?kdf dfGg]] ul/G5 .
ljsf;sf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ nfdf] ;do b]lv ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf] of]ubfg / ;xeflutfnfO c:jLsf/ ul/+b} cfOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf cfP/ ljZjsf] cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ljgf ;dfg'kflts ljsf; xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] dfGotf :jLsf/ ul/of] . kmn:j?k ;g\ !(&) df jfl;ªu6g l8l; (Washington DC) df ‘;f];f]nf]hL km/ OG6/Gof;gn l8enkDd]G6’ (Sociology for International Development) gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 dlxnfx? ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf / cfjfh hf]8bf/ ?kdf ljZj e/Lg} p7\g yfn] . o;} s|ddf ;g\ !(&) sf] dWolt/ O:6/ jf];]?k (E. Boserup) sf] ‘Eco–contribution of Women Development’ gfdsf k':ts k|sfzg eof] h;nfO{ dlxnfjfbsf] If]qdf jfOjns} ?kdf dfGg]] ul/G5 .
;g\ !(&) d} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df UN Commission on Development for Women dfly uxg cWoog ul/of] / ;g\ !(&%
nfO{ International Year for
Women sf]
?kdf ljZjAofkL dgfpg] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . To:t} ;g\ !(&^–!(*% nfO{ dlxnf bzssf
?kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+34f/f cjnDjg ul/Psf oL b'O{
3f]if0ffx?n] dlxnfx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z u/fpg lgs} ;x|flgo e"ldsf
v]n] . o;kl5 dlxnf ljsf; tyf ljsf;df dlxnf ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
aGb} uof] . ljZjsf ;j} b]zx? nfO{ ;g\ !(&^–!(*%sf] dlxnf bzs e/L eP u/]sf
dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{s|d, k|ult tyf pknAwLx?sf] ljj/0f ;+o'tm /fi6|;+3df k]z ug'{
kg]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . kmn:j?k OHots} nflu eP klg x/]s b]zsf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?n]
dlxnf ;DjGwL tYof+s lng' kg]{ eof] . of] Ps bzs e/L lnOPsf dlxnf tYof+Íx?n]
dlxnf / k'?if jLr Aofks c;dfgtf /x]sf] jf:tljstf jflx/ NofOlbof] . dlxnf /
k'?if jLrsf] o:tf] c;dfg tYofªsn] x/]snfO{ ;f]Rg jfWo t'Nofof] / dlxnf ljsf;sf
d'4fx?n] cGt/fli6|o ?kdf z}lIfs If]q, cg';Gwfg If]q nufot ;flxTo If]qdf ;d]t cem
Jofks ?kdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ kfpg yfn] / of] ljZj s} hNbf]jNbf] d'4f jGg k'Uof] .
Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] k|fo x/]s h;f]
;dfhdf dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf tyf ;xeflutf s]jn pTkfbg, k'g{pTkfbg / 3/fo;L
sfdsfhdf dfq ;Lldt lyof] . t/ dlxnf ljsf;sf lgldQ sfd ug]{ ljZjsf k|d'v laleGg bft[
;+:yfx?n] dlxnf ljsf; / pgLx?sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfdf
/fv]kl5 dlxnf ljsf;sf] d'4f cjrfxL+ Aojxfl/s ?kd} ljZjJofkL x'g uof] . oL bft[
;+:yfx?n] dlxnf d'4fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] dfq geO{ o:tf bft[ ;+:yfjf6 cfly{s
tyf cGo lsl;dsf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fVg] x/]s b]z tyf
;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?df dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg} kg]{ Go'gtd dfGotf
;d]t ;dfj]z u¥of] h;sf] kmn:j?k ;xof]u kfpgs} nflu eP klg cfl>t d'n'sx?n] ljsf;sf
ljleGg sfo{s|dx?df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbP . o; kZrft dlxnf ljsf;sf
ljleGg cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] .
ljsf;df dlxnf
(Women
in Development – WID)
dlxnf ljsf;sf y'k|} k|of;x? kZrft ;g\ !(&)
sf] bzsdf ljsf;df dlxnf cjwf/0ffsf] z'?jft ul/of] . o; cjw/0ffn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf
dlxnfx?sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf u/fpg ;s]sf] v08df n}lËs c;dfgtf :jtM sd eP/ hfG5 eGg]
dfGotf /fVb5 . o; cl3 cfPsf ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffx?df dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
lyPg / To; j]nfsf] ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxnfO{ k'?if k|jfx ;d]t eGg] ul/GYof] .
ljsf;df dlxnf cjwf/0f tTsflng kl/k|]Ifdf ;do;fk]If lyof] . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem
;do;fk]If / k|efjsf/L jgfpg tTsfnLg ;dosf ljleGg lj4fgx?n] ljleGg k':ts, n]v
tyf l;4fGt cflb k|ltkflbt u/L k"0f{ of]ubfg lbP . o; s|ddf lyªs/sf] The Advance Impact of Development in Women n]v, /f]h/sf] Domestification of Women, O:6/ jf];]?ksf] Women
Roles in Economic Development k':tsx? Kf|sflzt ul/P h;n] ljsf;df dlxnf cjwf/0ffnfO{ pknAwLd"vL
jgfpg pNn]Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 .
oL n]v tyf k':tsx? dfk{mt pgLx?n]
ljZjJofkL ?kdf lgDg lgZsif{x? phfu/ u/] .
!= dlxnfx?sf] pTkfbgzLn e"ldsf wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt cg';f/
km/s km/s xG5 .
@= dlxnfx?sf] k'g{pTkfbg cyf{t k|hgg e"ldsf ;a}
;+:s[ltdf ;dfg x'G5 .
#=
dlxnfx?sf] k'g{pTkfbgsf] sf/0fn] k'?ifsf] pTkfbg sfdsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx?sf] pTkfbg / k'g{pTkfbg b'j} If]qdf sd of]ubfg
x'g hfG5 .
oL ljleGg lj4jfgx?sf cjwf/0ffx?jf6
dlxnf ljsf; tyf ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf nflu dlxnfx?nfO{ k'g{pTkfbg If]qjf6
pTkfbs If]qdf ;dfj]z ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; eof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf
ahf/, >lds an, df}lb|s pTkfbg cflb If]qnfO{ pTkfbs If]qsf ?kdf lng] ul/GYof]
. tt\kZrft\ dlxnfx?nfO{ klg >d, d'b|f / pTkfbgsf] jhf/df ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/
k|bfg ug{ yflnof] / To;sf ;fy} j9L eGbf j9L dlxnfx?nfO{ s;/L ljsf;df Plss[t ug{
;lsG5 eGg] tkm{ klg uxg cWoogsf cfwf/df dlxnf ljsf; ug{sf nflu lgDg dfGotfx?
cl3 ;fl/P .
!= sfg"gL ?kdf dlxnf / k'?if jLr
;dfgtf tyf ;dtf k|bfg u/]/ .
@= lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf ;dfg ?kdf dlxnfsf]
kx'Fr k'¥of{P/ .
#= dlxnfx?nfO{ lzkd"sns
tflnd k|bfg u/L ;zlQms/0f u/]/ .
$= /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df dlxnfx?sf] kx'Fr
u/fP/ .
%= >f]t tyf ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf]
kx'Fr j9fP/ .
^= Dflxnfsf nflu pkof]uL
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]/ .
&= dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dtf tyf
k|s[lts Gofo k|bfg u/]/ .
dlxnf / ljsf;
(Women and Development
–WAD)
;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf cjnDjg ul/Psf] ljsf;df dlxnf (WID) cjwf/0ffn] k|:t't u/]sf /0fgLltx?n]
rfx] jdf]lhd dlxnf ljsf; / ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg ;s]gg\ . dlxnf ljsf;
tyf ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpgdf WID cjwf/0ff c;kmn ePkl5 o;sf] kl/k"lt{
ug{sf nflu ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ dlxnf / ljsf; cawf/0ffsf] k|ltkfbg
eof] . dlxnf / ljsf; cjwf/0ff k/lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt (Dependency Theory) sf] k[i7e"lddf cfPsf] cawf/0ff xf]
.
cfw'lgsLs/0f
l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgfsf] ?kdf k/lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf]
l;4fGt cg';f/ cjnDjg ul/Psf ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿n] ljZjsf ul/j b]zx¿sf] l:ylt emg\
emg\ v:sb} uof] / ltgLx¿ cem bft[ ;:yfx¿k|lt k/lge{/ aGb} uP . o; lsl;dsf]
ljsf;sf] gd'gfn] ;DjGwLt b]zsf] cfGtl/s / lbuf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g, a¿ pN6}
e}/x]sf] pTkfbg k|ljlw / ljsf;sf cGo ;+/rgfx¿df ;d]t 7"nf] wSsf nfUof] .
o:tf b]zx? s]jn wgL /fi6«df pTkflbt j:t'sf ahf/ / tL /fi6«sf pklgj]z h:tf dfq
eP / ljZjdf wgL / ul/jsf] vf8n cem km/flsnf]] aGb} uof] . o;/L ljsf;sf]
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] l;4fGt c;kmn ePsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ljkIfdf km/s dt /fVb}
k/lge{/tfsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg eof] . o; l;4fGtsf] d"n dfGotf cfl>t
tyf ;xof]u lng] kIfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpFb}
nfg' k5{ / k/lge{/tf sd ub}{ nfg' kb{5 eGg] /x]sf] 5 .
k/lge{/tfsf] l;4fGtsf] oxL
k[i7e"ldnfO{ dlxnf / ljsf; cjwf/0ffn] cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s ¿kn]
dlxnfx¿ k'¿ifdf cfl>t ePsfn] pgLx¿n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g / cfˆgf]
;Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ g;s]sf x'g eGg] tYonfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ dlxnf / ljsf; cjwf/0ffn]
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xof]usf ;fy} ;a} lsl;dn] ;Ifd agfpg' kg]{ ts{ cl3 ;f¥of] . o;sf
;fy} dlxnf / ljsf; (WAD)
n] dlxnfx¿n] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg'df ljsf; k|lqmofdf k'?ifsf] dfq e"ldsf ePsf sf/0f geO{
ljsf;sf l;4fGtsf ljZjAofkL cjwf/0ff / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf g}
o;sf] bf]ifL ePsf] 7x/ u¥of] . ljsf;df dlxnf
(WID) cjwf/0ffn] >f]tdfly
dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljsf;df ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] kIfdf hf]8
lbPsf] lyof] t/ WAD n] ;du| dlxnfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ tyf
ljsf;df pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg s]jn >f]tdflysf] kx'Frdfq kof{Kt 5}g, a¿
>f]tdfly clwsf/ tyf ;dtfd'n's kx'Fr / cfˆgf] JolStTj ljsf; cfkm}+ ug{ ;Sg]
lsl;dn] ;Ifd agfpg' kb{5 / o;sf] z'?cft pgLx¿af6 g} x'g' kb{5 eGg] ts{ cl3
a9fof] . cfˆgf] ljsf; cfkm}+ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg dlxnfx¿sf] r]tgf / Ifdtfdf j[l4
u/fpg' kg]{df hf]8 lbof] . WID n] dflyaf6 tn (Trickle Down) hfg] lsl;dsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbof] t/ Tof] ;kmn x'g
;s]g . o;sf] ljk/Lt WAD n] tnaf6 dfly hfg] (Bottom Up) ljsf; k|lqmof cl3 ;f¥of] . tnaf6 dfly hfg] ljsf; k|lqmof xfn;Dd
klg plQs} Jojxfl/s / nf]slk|o 5 . tnaf6 dfly hfg] hfg] ljsf; k|lqmofn] ;j{k|yd
ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxaf6 jflx/ ePsfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} WAD cjwf/0ffn] ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfut agfj6nfO{
;d]t r'gf}lt lbPsf] 5 . WID n] ;lbof}+ b]lv ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
/ cGo lsl;dn] zf]lift / bldt x'Fb} cfPsf dlxnfx¿ dfly ;dfhn] /fv]sf] dfGotf /
;f]rnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 t/ WAD n] o:tf ;dflhs ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5}g / o;sf] lj/f]wdf dlxnf / k'?if jLr b]lvPsf n}lËs ;DaGwsf jf:tljstfsf cfwf/df ;dtf tyf k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] pTkfbg / k'g{pTkfbg b'a} bf]xf]/f]
e"ldsfnfO{ x]l/g' kg]{ / pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg u/L k|fs[lts Gofosf
cfwf/df ljsf;df ;lDdlnt u/fpg' kg]{df cfkm\gf] dfGotf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . WID n] ;d:t dlxnfx¿nfO{ Pp6} ju{df /fv]sf]
lyof] t/ x/]s ;dfhsf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx? km/s x'g] / To;leq ljleGg hft, ju{, wd{,
;+:s[lt x'g] x'gfn] ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ to tyf cjnDag ug]{ qmddf pk/f]St kIfx¿df
;'Id ¿kdf Wofg k'¥ofOg' kg]{df WAD n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;du|df eGg' kbf{ WAD
WID cjwf/0fsf]
lj/f]wL geO{ o;sf] kl/is[t cjwf/0ff xf] . o; cy{df WID ;'wf/jfbL / WAD k'g{ljt/sjfbL cjwf/0ff x'g\ .
n}lËs / ljsf;
(Gender and Development -
GAD)
dlxnf ljsf;sf WID / WAD
b'a} cjwf/0ffn] dlxnf ljsf; / ljsf;df
pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] If]qdf ;f]r] hlt ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;s] kl5 oL b'O{
cjwf/0fx?sf] sdhf]/L ;d]l6g] u/L kl/dflh{t l;4fGtsf ?kdf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf n}lËs
/ ljsf; (GAD) cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . of] cjwf/0ff ;dfhjfbL gf/Ljfbaf6
k|efljt 5 . GAD
n] dlxnfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;
k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf hgfpg] /0fgLlt, k|fjwfg tyf zt{x¿ /fVg' dfq kof{Kt
x'Fb}g, dlxnfx¿sf] lhjgdf k'?ifx¿sf] lgoGq0f / k|efa /xg] x'gfn] ;fFrf] cy{df
pgLx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ k'?ifx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL / ;r]t u/fpg' kg]{ kIfdf ljz]if hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . GAD cjwf/0fsf] d"n dfGotf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ lbuf] / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' k5{ eGg]
/x]sf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffn] dlxnfx¿sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'df dlxnf k'?if jLrsf] c;dfg n}lËs
;DjGwn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ s]jn ljsf;df c;xeflutf dfq geO{ lhjgsf cGo y'k|} kIfx¿df
k'?if eGbf kl5 kf/]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . dlxnf / k'?if jLrsf] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] d"n
sf/s tTjx?df ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / dlxnfx¿sf] k|fs[lts zf/Ll/s ;'u7g x'g\ h;n]
dlxnfx¿nfO{ wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, cflbsf gfddf hs8]/ /fv]sf 5g\ . hlxn] klg
;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] j]Un} e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 cyf{t ;dfhn] pgLx¿sf]
e"ldsf tf]lslbPsf] 5 . cfhsf] cTofw'lgs o'udf klg ljZje/L g} k|fo x/]sh;f]
;dfhdf 3/Jojxf/sf] sfd / afnaflnsf tyf j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ sfd dlxnfsf]
xf] / jflx/ hfg], hflu/ vfg], pBf]u Aofkf/ ug]{, wg sdfpg] cflb sfd k'?ifsf]
xf] eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . oBlk cfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;dodf of] ;f]r / Aojxf/ la:tf/}
kl/jt{g x'Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 . jflx/sf] sfddf jl9 rgfvf] x'g' kg]{ x'gfn] lzIff,
tflnd tyf AolQmTj ljsf;sf cGo cj;/x¿ k'?ifsf] rfxgf dfq geP/ pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf
/ jfWotf xf] eg] 3/fo;L sfd wGbfsf nflu vf;} lzk tyf bIftfsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
o;/L 3/ Aojxf/sf] sfd ug]{ dlxnfn] cyf]{kfh{g ug{ g;Sg] / k'?ifn] jflx/L lqmofsnfkx?af6
wg sdfpg'sf ;fy} af7f]6f7f] x'g] x'gfn] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs b'a} b[li6sf]0fn]
dlxnf / k'?if jLr c;dfgtf x'g hfG5 / dlxnf cfly{s dfq geO{ z}lIfs / ;fdflhs
¿kn] klg sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o; cj:yfsf dlxnfx? k'?ifdf cfl>t x'g' / pgLx?af6
lgolGqt x'g' c:jefljs xf]Og . o;k|sf/ ;dfhn] tf]lslbPsf] / ck]Iff u/]sf]
e"ldsfn] dlxnf / k'?if jLrsf] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] r'gf}ltnfO{ cem r'NofPsf] 5
. t;y{ dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ;j{k|yd pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs ¿kn] ;Ifd
agfpg' kb{5 h'g sfd k'?ifsf] ;xof]uljgf c;xh dfq geO{ c;Dej g} x'ghfG5 / GAD
cjwf/0ffn] dlxnfx?sf] ;du|
ljsf;df k'?ifx?sf] ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ /xG5 / o;sf nflu k'?ifx¿nfO{ ;r]t ug'{
kb{5 eGg] tYodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cy{df GAD sf] k|d'v rf;f] dlxnf dfqdf geP/ dlxnf
/ k'?if jLrsf] n}lËs ;DjGwdf /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . c;dfg n}lËs ;DjGw ;Gt'ngdf /fVg
cyf{t ;dfgtfd'ns tyf ;dtfd'ns agfpgsf nflu b]z, ;dfh, wd{, hflt, ju{, hghflt
cg';f/ n}lËs ljZn]if0f ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 / olb s'g} Ps kIf csf]{ kIf eGbf sdhf]/
5 eg] cfjZostf cg';f/ pQm kIfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f u/L ;dfg cj:yfdf Nofpg] k|oTg ug'{
kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ GAD n] s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]sf] 5 . h;af6
dlxnfx¿ ;Ifd x'Fb} hfG5g\ / k'?ifsf] lgoGq0f tyf clwgtf sd x'Fb} hfG5 / o;sf]
k|ToIo k|efj dlxnfx¿sf] ljsf; / ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutfdf kg{ hfG5 . t;y{ of]
:ki6 5 ls GAD sf] of] cjwf/0ff dlxnf ljsf;sf dfq geP/ ;du| ljsf;sf] dfWod
aGg ;S5 .
n}lËs / ljsf; (GAD) cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ !((% df a]Olhªdf ePsf] rf}yf] j[xb ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] klg cem jl9 ;zSt kf/]sf] 5 . pSt ;Dd]ngaf6 ljsf; ul/Psf] sfo{ d~r (Platform for Action) df n}lËs ;dfgtfsf ;DjGwdf dlxnfsf ;fy} k'?ifn] klg ;dfg ¿kn] ;xefuL eO{ ;femf efjgfn] sfd ug'{ kg]{ / To;af6 dfq} dlxnf ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu If]qut eGbf PsLs[t ;f]r / sfo{qmd cufl8 ;fg'{ kg{]df j]Olhª ;Dd]ngn] ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
n}lËs / ljsf; (GAD) cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ !((% df a]Olhªdf ePsf] rf}yf] j[xb ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] klg cem jl9 ;zSt kf/]sf] 5 . pSt ;Dd]ngaf6 ljsf; ul/Psf] sfo{ d~r (Platform for Action) df n}lËs ;dfgtfsf ;DjGwdf dlxnfsf ;fy} k'?ifn] klg ;dfg ¿kn] ;xefuL eO{ ;femf efjgfn] sfd ug'{ kg]{ / To;af6 dfq} dlxnf ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu If]qut eGbf PsLs[t ;f]r / sfo{qmd cufl8 ;fg'{ kg{]df j]Olhª ;Dd]ngn] ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
n}lËs / ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx¿
sf6] of]Ë (Kate
Young) sf cg';f/ n}lËs /
ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
!= GAD cjwf/0ffsf] d'Vo dfGotf dlxnf ljsf;df dfq
geP/ n}lËs ;DaGwdf /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs ;DaGw ljleGg cj:yfx¿df dlxnf / k'?if jLr
/xg] ;DaGw xf] . dlxnf / k'?ifjLrsf] n}lËs;DaGwsf] k|efj AolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh /
b]zdf ;d]t k/]sf] x'G5 .
@= GAD n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;lqmo k|ltlglw sfo{stf{sf
¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . / o;n] x/]s dlxnf;+u k"0f{ 1fg / ;Ifdtf x'G5 / pgLx¿
;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt a'‰g ;Ifd x'G5g\ / x/]s nf]Ug]dfG5] k'?if lgoGq0f
tyf bdgnfO{ ;lqmo ¿kn] j9fjf lbG5g\ eGg]df dfGotf /fVb}g . ;fy} dlxnfn] b]vfpg]
;a} Aojxf/x¿ l7s x'G5 / k'?ifx¿ ;Fw} v/fa x'G5g\ eGg]df klg ljZjf; ub}}{g .
#= GAD cjwf/0ff ;Dk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f (Holistic Perspective) df cfwfl/t 5 . o;n] ;dfhsf] ;fgf] eGbf
;fgf] kIfnfO{ a'em\g k'/} ;fdflhs ;+u7g, cfly{s, /fhgLlts cflb ;Dk"0f{
hLjgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{tfdf x]g]{ ub{5 .
$= GAD sf cg';f/ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk hl6n
k|lqmof x'g\, o; cGtu{t ljleGg kIfx¿ h:t} – AolQm tyf ;dfh / ltgsf ;dflhs,
cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflbsf] ;dfa]zLs/0f x'g] ub{5 .
%= GAD cjwf/0ffn] hglxtsf] cjwf/0ff, ul/jL
lj?4sf] cjwf/0ff, ;dtfsf] cjwf/0ff cflbnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf
x]b{5 . ;dfgtf / ;dtfut cjwf/0ffnfO{ o;n] k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .
^= GAD n] dlxnfx¿sf] b|'t ljsf;sf nflu
pgLx¿sf] :j:k"mt{ ;+u7g aGg' kb{5 eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 h;n] dlxnfx¿sf]
afu]{lgË kfj/ a9fpg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf / ljZj;lgotf ;sf/fTds k|efa 5f8\b5 .
*(ग्रामीण महिला सशक्तिकरणमा पि.एच.डी., हाल वेइजिङ, चीन)
*(ग्रामीण महिला सशक्तिकरणमा पि.एच.डी., हाल वेइजिङ, चीन)
;Gbe{;fdu|L
– >]i7 s]zas'df/,
rf}nfufO{+ ltns, ;fksf]6f s]za/fh, -la= ;= @)^)_ . n}lËs cWoog, kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f, lslt{k'/, sf7df8f}+M Ps]8]dLs
a's;]G6/ .
– d}gfnL uf]lkgfy, -la= ;= @)^^_ . /fHo ;Grfngsf cfwf/x?, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+M ;f]kfg klAns]zg .
k]hgDa/M %)! .
– cfrfo{ dLgf, -la= ;=
@)^@_ . g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf;sf k|oTgx?,
sf7df8f}M 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ :d[lt k|lti7fg .
– sfkm\n] gf/fo0fk|;fb,
-la= ;= @)^!_ . ljsf; k|zf;gsf gofF
cfofdx?, zflGtgu/, sf7df8f}+M ;f/bf zdf{sfkm\n], k]hgDa/M %)) .
– Smith Sreven G., (A. D.
1992). Gender Thinking, Philadelphia,
America 19122: Temple University Press.
– Sahay Sushama, (A. D.1998). Women and
Empowerment: Approaches and Strategies, New Delhi, India: Discovery
Publishing House.
– Malhotra Meenakshi, (A. D.2004). Empowerment of Women,
Delhi, India: Isha Books.
Internet Addresses
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